Chinese herbal medicines for rhinosinusitis: a text-mining study with comparisons to contemporary research and clinical guidance

Table 7 Frequently used ingredients in nasal herbal formulae in classical citations by inclusion in clinical trials and modern Chinese pharmacopoeia

Scientific name^a	Herb name (pin yin)	Frequency (rank) in classical citations	Frequency (rank) in formulae in RCTs (CRS + ARS)^b	Used for RS in modern Chinese pharmacopoeia (Y/N^)c
Magnolia spp. (flower bud)	xin yi (hua)	7 (1)	6 (1)	Yes^d
moschus	she xiang	7 (1)	0	No
Allium fistulosum L (white section)	cong (bai)	6 (3)	0	No
Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort	chuan xiong	5 (4)	2 (5)	No
realgar	xiong huang	5 (4)	0	No
Luffa cylindrica (L) Roem (vine)	si gua (teng)	4 (6)	0	No
borneol	bing pian	4 (6)	1 (10)	No
Angelica dahurica (Fisch ex Hoffm) Benth et Hook f	bai zhi	3 (8)	4 (2)	Yes^d
Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth or Agastache rugosa (Fisch & Mey) O Ktze	huo xiang	3 (8)	0	No
frankincense	ru xiang	3 (8)	0	No
myrrh	mo yao	3 (8)	0	No

Abbreviations: ARS acute rhinosinusitis, CRS chronic rhinosinusitis, RCT randomised controlled trial, RS rhinosinusitis
^aA complete list of the source species for these herbs is available in the Chinese pharmacopoeia [35]. The use of some herbs/ingredients may be restricted in some countries e.g. moschus and realgar. Readers are advised to comply with relevant regulations
^bThe book included six RCTs: one of ARS (nasal + oral), four of CRS (nasal), one of CRS (nasal + oral)
^cThe Chinese pharmacopoeia does not specify the route of administration
^dFor bi yuan (sinusitis)

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