Fig. 5
Potential probiotics restore normal levels of brain oxidative stress and reduce inflammation, thereby enhancing cognitive function in elderly mice. AP: aged control group, YC: young control group, MP: middle-aged group and OC: old control group. (A) Quantitative of anti-oxidant SOD level and oxidative stress MDA level. (n = 3 mice in each group) (B) Comparison of the quantitative levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the brain tissue of elderly mice that were given probiotics with those of the control groups. (n = 3 mice in each group). (C) Representative of histological hippocampus from elderly mice received probiotics in comparison to their control groups, 20x magnification. (D) The cognitive recognition assessment through the Morris water maze spatial test yielded a specific evaluation score (n = 5 mice in each group in duplicated). (E) Quantitative of neurogenesis-related genes expression level in elderly mice received probiotics in comparison to control groups (n = 3–4 mice in each group). The results shown in this figure are expressed as the mean ± SEM. An one-way ANOVA was used to analyze the comparisons of more than two groups followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison tests. P < 0.05 *, P < 0.01 **, and P < 0.001 ***