Fig. 2

Inhibitory effects of crude ethanolic extracts and their active compound on TNF-α production. LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells were incubated with crude ethanolic extracts and their active compounds for 24 h. The supernatants were collected and measured the levels of TNF-α by ELISA kit. Most compounds and crude ethanolic extracts inhibited TNF-α release by more than 20%, with the crude ethanolic extract of Z. officinale and gingerol showing less than 20% inhibition. All treatments showed significantly lower activity than dexamethasone (positive control). Data are the mean ± SD (n = 3); *p < 0.05 vs. positive control