Fig. 8
Effect of AA given via nose-to-brain delivery and oral administration on the increased IL-1β (A) and TNF-α (B) levels induced by Aβ1-42. Data are presented as mean ± S.E.M. (n = 5–6/group). ***p < 0.001 compared with the Sham group; #p < 0.05, ###p < 0.001 compared with the Aβ + Veh group; $p < 0.05, $$$p < 0.001 compared with the Aβ + INAA group (one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test)